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Talking to your daughter about puberty and periods 

What Everyone Should Know about Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

If you’ve ever had a yeast infection, we feel your pain – because yeast infections are rough, and that’s us being nice about it. Not only does a yeast infection involve an itchy vaginal area, which can make for some seriously awkward moments, but unlike [cramps](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cramps-causes-treatments/) and [PMS](/en-gb/period-health/what-is-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/), a yeast infection won’t just go away on its own. Instead, you have to be proactive in treating yeast infections. In this case, the sooner the better, in part because it means the symptoms will stop that much sooner. And that counts for a lot – if there’s anything that can drive you up the wall, it’s an [itchy vaginal area](/en-gb/period-health/vaginal-odor-what-should-my-vagina-smell-like/). Here’s everything you need to know about vaginal yeast infections. 

## What is a yeast infection? 

A yeast infection, which is also known as vulvovaginal candidiasis, is a fungal infection in the vagina caused by an overgrowth of a vaginal yeast called candida. But don’t worry – it sounds way worse than it actually is. Candida actually grows naturally in the vagina and bowel, where it lives peacefully alongside – and is kept in check by – other harmless fungi and bacteria. But if something throws off the balance, the vaginal yeast can grow too much and cause an infection. 

You’re at the greatest risk of getting a yeast infection right before your period starts. And although it’s not a sexually transmitted infection, you might be at higher risk of a vaginal yeast infection when you first begin engaging in sexual activities on a regular basis. Also, some evidence shows that oral-to-genital contact, like some forms of oral sex, can also increase your risk¹. We’re not saying you should change your habits based on that, but it’s still worth keeping in mind if you’ve had a vaginal yeast infection in the past. ¹[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999)

## What are the signs and symptoms of a yeast infection? 

The one good thing about yeast infections is that they don’t just lie low and wreak havoc without you realising it. If you have one, you’ll definitely know about it, because yeast infection symptoms aren’t the kind that you can just ignore. They can affect both the vagina and the vulva, which are the tissues at the vaginal opening. Symptoms to look out for are: 

- Thick, white [vaginal discharge](/en-gb/period-health/vaginal-discharge/) that looks like cottage cheese
- Irritation and itchiness around the vagina and vulva
- Burning or discomfort when urinating or during intercourse
- A red or swollen vulva
- Vaginal soreness, pain, or a rash
- Vaginal inflammation

If this is the first time you’ve ever had yeast infection symptoms – or if you aren’t sure whether you have a yeast infection or something else – consult your doctor for medical advice before trying to treat it yourself. The same goes if you develop any other symptoms besides the above. 

## How do you get a yeast infection? 

Anyone with a vagina can get a vaginal yeast infection, including those who aren’t necessarily at a high risk of them (sometimes it’s just bad luck). However, your chances of getting vaginal yeast infections do increase with a few other factors added in, such as: 

## Compromised immune system 

Those who have an impaired or weakened immune system, be it from a corticosteroid therapy for another health condition or another infection, are more likely to get yeast infections, since their immune system can’t reduce the growing candida yeast as easily. 

## Using antibiotics 

Antibiotics have one job, and that’s to kill off bacteria. But they’re not exactly accurate, meaning they kill healthy bacteria as well as the bad stuff. By disrupting the balance within your vagina, antibiotics can create an opportunity for vaginal yeast to take over. 

## Fluctuating hormone levels 

Vaginal yeast infections occur more often in people who have fluctuations in their hormones for whatever reason – they may be pregnant, about to get their period, taking a contraceptive pill with a high dose of oestrogen, or doing oestrogen hormone therapy. In addition to their usual effects, these drastic fluctuations in hormones can also mess with the bacteria in your vagina, which in turn increases your risk of a vaginal yeast infection. (However, don’t jump to the conclusion that any weird discharge leading up to your period is a yeast infection. Keep an eye out for other symptoms, like redness, itchiness and a burning sensation.) 

## Untreated diabetes 

If your blood sugar is left uncontrolled, it can increase your chances of a yeast infection. Here’s why: vaginal yeast like to feed on sugar, so high blood sugar is like giving the yeast an all-you-can-eat buffet. Properly managing your blood sugar, on the other hand, will keep your risk at a minimum. 

## How to prevent and treat yeast infections 

Time for some good news: it’s pretty easy to treat yeast infections. You can get over-the-counter treatments at your local pharmacy – no doctor required – or ask your doctor about a single-dose medication to treat it. The most common treatment for yeast infections (also known as thrush) can come as either an oral antifungal drug in the form of a pill, or an antifungal cream, which you insert into your vagina. Whichever one you decide to go with, the course of treatment should only last one to three days.  

FYI: If you have your period, avoid using a tampon at the same time as an antifungal cream, as the tampon could remove some of the medication, which defeats the purpose. 

If your symptoms are severe, or you tend to get yeast infections all the time, your doctor might prescribe you a long-course antifungal cream, which you use daily for two weeks and then weekly for six months, or an oral antifungal drug, which is just two or three doses in the form of a pill. 

If you’ve never had a yeast infection before, or your over-the-counter treatment doesn’t improve your symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. Also, a heads up: while you can find a million and one natural remedies out there, such as coconut oil, garlic, and even tea tree cream, you should definitely talk to your doctor before trying anything. The same goes for essential oils, which can be super-irritating to some skin types, especially if they’re not diluted correctly. They aren’t nearly as effective or reliable as the standard, doctor-approved treatments for yeast infections, if at all – and if you don’t actually have a yeast infection, then they definitely won’t help. 

In the meantime, here are a few ways you can prevent yeast infections: 

- If you have vaginal discharge (like a yeast infection discharge) that’s not related to your period, don’t use a tampon to absorb it. A pantyliner is your best bet.
- Wear cotton underwear, which helps with air circulation and can help keep vaginal yeast from over-growing.
- Stay away from scented soaps and bath salts, as they could irritate the sensitive vaginal tissue.
- Don’t use vaginal washes or douches since they’re not supposed to be used when you have an infection. (And your vagina is self-cleaning!)
- Change out of wet or sweaty clothes once you’re done swimming or working out, as moisture can promote yeast growth. Thanks, but no thanks.

In a perfect world, you just wouldn’t ever get a vaginal yeast infection. But if it does happen, now you’ll know exactly what to do. Preparation for the win. 

One of the greatest advantages of tampons is the fact that they provide full period protection no matter how active you are, so you don't have to give up on your activities at all. [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons have a practical applicator and are designed to fit your unique shape, thus protecting you against leaks even better.

How to tell if you have a vaginal yeast infection: causes and symptoms

Pearl Compak

Tampax 2015

Tampax

Are you expecting to get first period? It is a very important stage in development. Find out what to expect when starting period - read our first period guide.

Untitled-9 0000 Your First Period Guide - Image 1 - Header

Your first period guide: age, symptoms, duration & more

What You Need to Know About Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): Symptoms & Causes

Puberty kind of sneaks up on you. Maybe it starts with body hair, or you begin to feel like maybe you need a bra. It’s just the beginning of a rollercoaster of big (and totally normal) changes happening in your body. While everyone goes through it, the signs of puberty you experience may be different or happen earlier or later than people you know. Because, like basically everything else in life, you’ll go through puberty at your own pace. Here’s what you need to know about puberty for girls. 

## What is puberty? 

Between the ages of 8 and 14 (there’s no exact age, as this varies from person to person), girls will notice that their bodies are changing and starting to grow. This stage in your life is called [puberty](/en-gb/period-health/how-to-tell-your-mom-you-got-your-period/) and this is when you start to physically become an adult. 

It’s important to bear in mind that these changes don’t all happen at the same time, they don’t always happen in the same order, or by a certain age, as the whole process can be very different from one person to the next. 

## Physical changes during puberty 

Generally speaking, the first physical changes during [puberty in girls](/en-gb/period-health/how-to-deal-with-periods/) are breast development and body growth. Other puberty changes are: 

- Growth of underarm hair
- Growth of pubic hair
- Increase in the thickness and length of body hair
- Acne
- Widening of the hips
- Increase in the fullness of the labia majora and minora, the hymen and the clitoris
- Change in the sound of the voice
- Increase in weight

Finally, to complete puberty, the biggest change is the arrival of your [first period](/en-gb/period-health/period-questions/). 

## Body growth 

Two words: growth spurt! One of the major signs of puberty is that you’re literally growing, and at a way faster rate than you did during childhood. We’re talking a lot of body changes. Your hands and feet will start to get bigger – get ready to go up a shoe size. Then your arms and legs will grow so you’re taller, and your body shape may change, particularly your hips. It might feel kind of awkward and weird to be in this new, stretched-out body, but it’ll eventually become more proportional, and you’ll go back to feeling like yourself again – we promise. 

## Breast development 

Let’s talk about boobs. At first, you might feel little breast buds or swelling under your nipples. After that, your breasts will slowly grow bigger and look fuller. (They might also feel tender, which is completely normal.) It can take three to five years for breasts to finish developing. At a certain point, you might want to start wearing a bra for support, especially if you play sports or exercise – or just feel more comfortable with one. It’s your call. Breasts come in all shapes and sizes, and how big yours get ultimately depends on your genetics and body type. 

## Nipple changes during puberty 

As your breasts develop during puberty, you may notice some changes to your nipples. Don’t worry – this is completely normal! Just like breasts, nipples come in all shapes and sizes: some girls have “outie” nipples that stick out when they’re cold, and others have “innie” nipples that stick inwards. Having inverted nipples is totally normal and nothing to worry about. You may also notice some dark hair beginning to grow around your areola – this is also nothing to worry about, and all part of the process of puberty. 

## Body hair 

You’re going to start growing hair… and not just on your head. One of the most obvious stages of puberty is new hair growing in different places. Pubic hair is often curly hair that grows in your pubic area. At first, it tends to be quite soft and sparse, but as you go through puberty, it’ll grow longer and get curlier and coarser. In two or three years, it’ll cover your entire pubic area and may even grow on your upper thighs and towards your belly button. You may also notice hair growing under your arms, on your legs, around your nipples, and even a little on your upper lip (depending on your genes). You can also decide what to do with it. Shave? Wax? Absolutely nothing? It’s 100% up to you. 

## Body sweat and odour 

Do you smell… different? That’s probably BO. One of the common stages of puberty is when sweat glands get larger and also more active – a double whammy that causes you to sweat more overall. This delightful combo of sweat and bacteria under your arms and in your pubic area creates body odour. We’ve got good news, though: this can be managed simply by using soap and water, then an antiperspirant to reduce sweating (or a deodorant to mask the scent of the [odour](/en-gb/period-health/vaginal-odor-what-should-my-vagina-smell-like/)). 

## Skin and hair changes 

Possibly the worst part of puberty: spots. Thanks to all those new hormones bouncing around your body, your skin produces more oil, particularly on your face. That oil can mix with bacteria and dead skin cells, clogging up your pores and leading to spots or acne. The same goes for the scalp, which can also produce more oil and make your hair greasy. Establish a good skincare routine, such as washing with a gentle cleanser, exfoliating regularly, moisturising every night, and using an acne-fighting treatment if you happen to get spots. Look for ingredients like salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide, both of which are key ingredients for fighting acne. And wash your hair regularly (or swap in dry shampoo) to deal with all that extra oil at your roots. 

## Genital growth 

Along with pubic hair, your entire vaginal area gets bigger during puberty. The vulva, i.e., the parts that are external, are enclosed by two sets of lips. The larger lips have hair, whereas the inner, smaller lips don't. (We don’t recommend trying to remove any hair around here, as you could potentially cut yourself and cause an infection, and who wants that?) During puberty, these increase in size and may be uneven – all normal. Stuff happens inside your body too: your vagina is growing longer, while your uterus gets bigger. 

## New discharge 

Weird stains in your underwear? Don’t worry – that’s just [vaginal discharge](/en-gb/period-health/vaginal-discharge/). Discharge is a clear or cloudy fluid that your body produces to moisten and cleanse the vagina. It usually shows up right after puberty starts; you'll probably notice yellow or white stains in your underwear. It's perfectly normal. However, your vaginal discharge may become white, lumpy, or start to resemble cottage cheese – or it might smell different than usual or cause itchiness. In this case, you might have a yeast infection. If you notice any of these symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor to get to the bottom of it. 

## First period 

All of these changes lead up to the start of your first period – think of them as the body’s way of prepping itself for [menstruation](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/). When you get your first period, it may not arrive at the same time every month. Actually, in the first year or two of getting your period, it might be wildly unpredictable and irregular (which is normal, and usually no reason to worry). After that, your cycle will regulate and you’ll be better able to track your period. That way, you’ll know when you can expect it – and when to stash a few tampons or pads in your bag, just in case. 

## Emotional changes during puberty  

The body also goes through emotional changes during puberty. The way you think changes and you’ll notice you can express yourself better. You may also feel more self-conscious and unsure of yourself – but try not to worry. This is a time of physical and emotional change, so everyone else your age is feeling the same way. You will also feel more emotional in general, thanks to your hormones. Your fluctuating hormones are what cause mood swings during puberty, and you may notice that you feel like crying a lot more or are more easily upset. 

[Emotional rollercoasters](/en-gb/period-health/mood-swings-during-your-period/) are a normal part of puberty, and although they may not be much fun, they’re nothing to worry about. A great tip for riding these emotional rollercoasters is to work on building your self-confidence. Practising new skills or hobbies is a great way to build up your confidence, as well as working on positive affirmations to boost your self-esteem. 

## And what’s it like for boys? 

Boys normally start to change one or two years later than girls. They also experience physical changes during puberty: 

- Body growth and growth in the size of their sex organs
- Their muscles become more developed
- They suffer from acne and facial and body hair starts to grow
- They start to ejaculate and so are able to fertilise eggs and make girls pregnant. 

Every person develops differently and at their own pace, so don’t be worried or get freaked out by comparing yourself to others. And while you might experience some of these physical changes, they won’t happen in any particular order or look the same for everyone. Remember, there’s no wrong way to go through puberty. So, however it happens, you’ll be fine – and on your way to becoming an adult. 

The stages of female puberty: hair, boobs, and other signs 

Articles

All Your Period Questions, Answered

Vaginal Odor What Should My Vagina Smell Like

## Yes, you can swim on your period. 

Good news – yes, you can go swimming on your period! If it’s a hot summer’s day at the beach or you’re swimming laps at your local pool and you’ve got your period, you shouldn’t have to worry about leaving a trail of blood or being attacked by a shark in the ocean (a legitimate fear for some people!). It’s safe to hit the water on your period, as long as you wear a tampon or [menstrual cup](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cups/) while you’re swimming. Read on for some facts about swimming on your period and what period products can help (and which ones you should probably avoid altogether). 

## Best tampons for swimming 

Tampons are specifically designed to absorb period flow before it can leave your body, which makes them one of the best products to use for swimming on your period. You won’t have to worry about signs of your period showing in the water. Pads are made to absorb period flow too, but as they’re worn outside of the body – and would be great at absorbing all that pool water too – you’d end up with a soggy bottom and looking like you were wearing a nappy (not the vibe we’re going for). So, do yourself a favour and leave the pads at home. All Tampax tampons can be worn while swimming in any kind of water, and [only Tampax tampons have a LeakGuard Braid](/en-gb/our-tampons/) to help stop leaks before they happen – giving you all-day comfort and protection for up to six hours.  

Have a look at [how to insert](/en-gb/tampon-truths/how-to-insert-a-tampon/) a tampon and practice a few times before you head into the water – especially if using a tampon is new to you. Be sure to tuck the string into the lining of your swimming costume before you leave the bathroom, and you should be good to go. 

## Can you wear a menstrual cup while swimming? 

Like tampons, [menstrual cups](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cups/) are worn internally and so can be worn while swimming in any kind of water. Menstrual cups give you an additional option when it comes to pool day period solutions, but there are a few important things to consider before you decide. If you’re looking to pack light and make room in your beach bag, a menstrual cup might be a good choice; they’re made of medical grade silicone and are reusable, so you only need to pack or wear one and can use it all day. It’s invisible and mostly sensation-free if inserted in the right position. Even better is that you can wear a Tampax Cup for up to 12 hours at a time, giving you the freedom to insert your menstrual cup at home, wear it all day and remove it when you’re back home at the end of the day. However, a downside of the menstrual cup is that because it’s reusable, if you need to clean it and re-insert it while you’re out and about, you will need to clean it by rinsing with mild soap and water every time, which could be challenging in a public toilet. Not to mention the fact that you do not want your menstrual cup getting any amount of sand on it! 

## Other tips for swimming on your period 

Being on your period might cause your face to break out in pimples and make your skin blotchy, which isn’t great for a day out on the water. Reach for a high-SPF sunscreen especially formulated for your face, and top it off with a tinted moisturiser to even out your skin tone and conceal any redness. If all else fails, grab some oversized sunglasses and your favourite hat to shade your face from the sun. 

Stomach bloating and period cramps also have no place at the beach or poolside. Steer clear of salty, fried and fatty foods, as well as caffeine. Stay hydrated with water, herbal iced tea, refreshing lemonade, and fresh fruit and veg. Some people swear by hot water and lemon to reduce bloating – figure out what works best for you. 

## Does water pressure stop my period when I swim? 

It’s complicated. Essentially, it may *appear* as though you’ve stopped bleeding when you swim, but it’s actually physics at work. Because water creates more resistance than air, when you’re swimming in a pool, lake, ocean, or even just lying in the bath, there is pressure against the opening of your vagina that can temporarily prevent blood from coming out. Swimming or being in water does not stop your period altogether (we wish!) – once you exit the water, the pressure is gone and you’ll likely start bleeding again. 

## Will period blood attract sharks? 

A fair question. The simple answer is no; period blood does not attract sharks. So, breathe a sigh of relief – your beach holiday that your period happens to fall on is not a disaster waiting to happen. No worries and no shark attacks! While a lot of people like to joke about this, the science behind it proves that there’s no correlation between menstruating people and an increase in shark attacks. The amount of blood lost throughout an menstrual cycle (lasting anywhere from 3-7 days) is merely six tablespoons, so the small amount lost during a swim in the sea would be very low – and very unlikely to send any nearby sharks into frenzy. 

There you have it. Your answer and guide to if can you go swimming on your period. Hopefully you’ll have peace of mind the next time you swim in the ocean on your period. 

Effective and easy-to-use anti-leak protection during "that time of the month" for a physically active woman? With [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons it's absolutely possible, as these tampons have unique MotionFit technology that gently expands to fit your body's unique shape. That's not all, though: the LeakGuard braid is there as well in order to prevent any leakage before it even happens!

Can You Swim on Your Period

Pearl

Tampax_1936

# Pearl Compak

Whether you do it by hand or with an app, knowing how many days there are between each period. Learn more!

How Many Days Are There Between Each Period?

Teen girl with pink flamingo float in swimming pool

UK- ADP - The Truth About Period Sex

The truth about period sex

Let’s start with the most important thing: irregular menstruation can be totally normal, so breathe a sigh of relief. Your period rarely shows up when you think it will – maybe for you it starts a week early, you bleed more heavily than usual, or you miss your period entirely – you’re definitely not alone. Having an irregular period cycle is surprisingly common. They can happen in about 30% of women in their reproductive years i.e., the time during which you have periods and are physically capable of getting pregnant.

Those reproductive years span your [teenage years](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/) – or whenever you first get your period – to the wind-down of your menstrual cycle, which happens during pre-menopause in your mid-to-late forties. And it’s when things are starting up and winding down that you’re most likely to deal with an irregular menstrual bleeding (teenage irregular periods), which makes sense, since there’s a lot going on in your body that can upset your schedule. Really, your body is just figuring out its new schedule, which can mean your period comes early, late, or not at all.

__Table of content:__
<ul>
  <li><a href="#what_is_an_irregular_period">What is an irregular period and how long should a period last?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#types_of_irregular_periods">Types of irregular periods </a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#absence_of_menstruation">Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)</a></li>
      <li><a href="#haemorrhagic_periods">Haemorrhagic periods (menorrhagia)</a></li>
      <li><a href="#painful_menstruation">Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)</a></li>
      <li><a href="#infrequent_menstruation">Infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhoea)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#is_it_normal_to_have_irregular_periods">Is it normal to have irregular periods</a></li>
  <li><a href="#what_can_cause_irregular_periods">What can cause irregular periods?</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#stress_and_irregular_periods">Stress and irregular periods</a></li>
      <li><a href="#changes_in_your_weight">Changes in your weight</a></li>
      <li><a href="#polycystic_ovary_syndrome">Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)</a></li>
      <li><a href="#thyroid_or_pituitary_disorders">Thyroid or pituitary disorders</a></li>
      <li><a href="#endometriosis">Endometriosis</a></li>
      <li><a href="#pelvic_inflammatory_disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li>
      <li><a href="#uncontrolled_diabetes">Uncontrolled diabetes</a></li>
      <li><a href="#contraception">Contraception</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><a href="#how_are_irregular_periods_diagnosed">How are irregular periods diagnosed?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#how_to_regulate_your_periods">How to regulate your periods</a></li>
</ul>

<h2 id="what_is_an_irregular_period">What is an irregular period and how long should a period last? </h2>

Why are my period irregular? [Menstrual cycles](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/) are different for everyone, and the timeline varies even once you’re on a regular schedule. While the average length of a menstrual cycle tends to be around 28 days, that’s definitely not the case for everyone – and it also isn’t the same exact timing every single month. Irregular periods are totally normal – just think of it as a monthly guessing game, the women’s health edition. 

The exact time between bleeding can be anywhere from 21 to 35 days – it just depends on your body. Generally, your period is considered late when it comes after the 35-day mark. If your period falls beyond this range more than once or twice, it can be a sign of something else going on. It’s a good idea to seek medical advice if your menstrual cycle is less than 21 days or more than 35 – or if you experience other symptoms of irregular periods (for example, menstruation may occur earlier - find out the reasons), such as [heavy bleeding](/en-gb/period-health/what-is-menorrhagia-heavy-periods/) or pain. Your doctor can help you get to the bottom of it.

Tracking your period can also give you a better sense of how long your cycle is. It’s really easy – just use our [free period tracker](/en-gb/period-tracker/) to calculate when your next period will be. 

<h2 id="types_of_irregular_periods">Types of irregular periods </h2>

Regular menstruation is one sign of a woman's overall good health and hormonal balance. What do irregular periods mean? Menstrual disorders can be divided according to the cause of their onset and their nature. The most common changes in the balance of menstruation concern the regularity of cycles, the abundance of bleeding and the presence of increased pain.

<h3 id="absence_of_menstruation">Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)</h3>

Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) is a primary or secondary menstrual disorder. Primary amenorrhoea is when a girl has not had her first menstrual period, even though she should have had one due to her age. The age of 14 years is taken as such a limit. Secondary amenorrhoea is when menstrual bleeding stops in a normally menstruating woman.

Absence of menstruation may be a consequence of a systemic disease or a dysfunction on the part of the reproductive system. The most common cause of amenorrhoea in a woman of reproductive age is pregnancy. Other causes are anatomical abnormalities, e.g. complete hymen overlap, absence of a reproductive organ component, genetic diseases, hormonal disorders (e.g. increased prolactin levels - hyperprolactinaemia, primary hypothyroidism). In some systemic diseases, especially autoimmune diseases, premature cessation of ovarian function - POF - can occur, resulting in premature menstrual disappearance. Other causes should not be overlooked, such as eating disorders, competitive sports, stress or taking certain medications that can affect the hormonal balance.

<h3 id="haemorrhagic_periods">Haemorrhagic periods (menorrhagia)</h3>

Another type of menstrual dysfunction is haemorrhagia (menorrhagia), in which there is increased blood loss during menstruation or intermenstrual bleeding (more than 80 ml). In this dysfunction, bleeding can last for more than seven days. They are most often caused by anatomical abnormalities of the uterus: polyps, myomas, adenomyosis, less commonly endometrial cancer, as well as other causes such as ovarian dysfunction, coagulation disorders, functional changes in the endometrium or taking anticoagulants.

<h3 id="painful_menstruation">Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)</h3>

Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) is characterised by excessive uterine contractile activity associated with bleeding. In this disorder, a distinction is made between a primary form (bleeding is painful from the onset of menstruation) and a secondary form (pain occurs in women whose periods have not previously been accompanied by pain). Painful menstruation can be mild, moderate or heavy, depending on the severity of the condition. These include endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, myomas, endometrial polyps, adnexal tumours, adenomyosis, adhesions (e.g. operations in this area). Nicotine addiction, living conditions, changes in lifestyle, stress can all have an impact on the occurrence of the condition. In some women, especially if their periods are painful from the beginning, it is not possible to find the cause of the pain. Particularly worrying is the occurrence of pain in a woman who has not previously had painful periods. It is then necessary to visit a gynaecologist for a check-up.

<h3 id="infrequent_menstruation">Infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhoea)</h3>

Another fairly common menstrual disorder is infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhoea), which is characterised by infrequent bleeding throughout the year. The most common causes are weight-related disorders, chronic diseases, imaginary pregnancy, ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hyperprolactinaemia.

<h2 id="is_it_normal_to_have_irregular_periods">Is it normal to have irregular periods? </h2>

Within 2-3 years of the onset of the first menstrual period (i.e. up to about 15 years of age), menstrual cycles can be irregular in most teenage girls, which is a variant of the norm. The most common reason for this situation is a lack of ovulation or immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian endocrine system. However, other possible causes should also be ruled out, e.g. endocrine disorders, psychiatric disorders or structural defects within the reproductive system. It should also be borne in mind that the sexual cycles of peri-menopausal women may also be more irregular menstruation. In such cases, deviations from the norm in terms of monthly bleeding do not give cause for concern.

<h2 id="what_can_cause_irregular_periods">What can cause irregular periods?</h2>

If you have an early period, a late period, or missed it altogether, that’s normal if you’ve only been getting your period for three or four months. After that, though, it could mean there’s something else going on.  

Hormones are the boss of your reproductive system, controlling everything from ovulation (which is when your ovary releases an egg) to menstruation. They’re in charge of signalling to your body that the egg isn’t fertilised and therefore it’s time to shed the lining of the uterus, which makes up period blood. So, if you have an irregular menstruation, blame it on your hormones.

When your hormones are imbalanced for any reason, it can do some weird things to your period, in terms of both flow and its timing. That’s why irregular periods often happen during your teens or when you first start bleeding; your hormones are usually still getting into the swing of things. Of course, there’s always the possibility that you might be pregnant if you’ve missed a period, in which case your body’s going to hang onto that uterine lining. You could also be menopausal, in which case you’re not ovulating at all. Other than that, there are some fairly common factors that can affect your [hormones](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/), in turn leading to irregular menstruations.

What causes irregular periods? Reasons for irregular periods can occur in the course of many diseases and disorders that affect the reproductive system, the endocrine system or the whole body. The balance of a teenager's body processes also depends on her lifestyle or diet.

Read on to learn about a few of the usual suspects - reasons for irregular periods.

<h3 id="stress_and_irregular_periods">Stress and irregular periods</h3>

Dealing with a breakup, having a big event on the horizon, or just being absolutely swamped at work? That stress can cause irregular periods. When you’re super stressed, your body sends out hormones to prepare you for flight or fight, slowing down non-essential functions – like those for your reproductive system – throwing off your body’s usual timing in the process. If you’re feeling frazzled 24/7, it could lead to getting your period late.   During severe stress, many changes take place in the body. The sympathetic nervous system is the first to activate; after a while, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the so-called stress axis, becomes active. A number of studies have shown that women with hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction have elevated levels of hormones responsible for regulating adrenal function (CRH, ACTH) and cortisol.

Stress and irregular periods cause menstrual disorders can last up to six months. If, after this time, cognitive behavioural therapy does not work, treatment has to be initiated and hormone therapy with estroprogestogens has to be used.

[Learn more about how stress can cause irregular periods](/en-gb/period-health/stress-and-period/) here. 

<h3 id="changes_in_your_weight">Changes in your weight </h3>

If you lose or gain a significant amount of weight, it could throw a spanner in your body’s hormone balance (Same goes if you’re restricting your calories) - it’s causes of irregular menstruation. They most often occur after weight loss - losing a lot of weight can lead to a hormonal imbalance in the body. Lack of menstruation often accompanies a weight-loss diet combined with training. Once that’s imbalanced, it can lead to a late or missed period.

<h3 id="polycystic_ovary_syndrome">Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) </h3>

PCOS is a health condition where your hormones are imbalanced, which can cause irregular periods. With this disease, the ovaries produce large amounts of androgens, hormones that prevent or delay ovulation. As a result, you don’t ovulate regularly and therefore don’t get your period regularly either. You might have a really heavy period, get irregular menstruations, or frequently experience missed periods. And because it’s a hormonal issue, it can come with some rough symptoms of irregular periods, such as acne, excess hair on the face and body, weight gain, skin tags, and dark patches on the skin.

<h3 id="thyroid_or_pituitary_disorders">Thyroid or pituitary disorders</h3>

Both hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's disease can cause irregular periods and prolonged cycles. However, if up to now your periods have occurred - despite long cycles - regularly, but have not for some time, this is a clue to seek specialist advice. Proper thyroid function is essential for maintaining reproductive function.

<h3 id="endometriosis">Endometriosis</h3>

Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. The tissue often attaches to the ovaries or fallopian tubes. Monthly bleeding as a result of endometriosis may be irregular or often more heavy with a significant increase in additional discomfort. Symptoms may be constant or cyclical. This means that they worsen before and during the period and then improve.

<h3 id="pelvic_inflammatory_disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</h3>

Pelvic organ inflammation (PID) is a bacterial infection that affects the female reproductive system. It is usually caused by an untreated sexually transmitted infection (STI) - most commonly gonorrhoea, chlamydia, anaerobic bacteria. The bacteria enter the vagina and spread to the uterus and upper genital tract. Symptoms of PID include profuse vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odour, irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and fever.

<h3 id="uncontrolled_diabetes">Uncontrolled diabetes</h3>

If you have uncontrolled diabetes, you may have irregular menstruations because the interaction between blood sugar levels and hormones can interfere with your menstrual cycle. In order to restore normal menstruation, it is necessary to initiate appropriate treatment and to examine oneself thoroughly. Often diabetes is also accompanied by polycystic ovary syndrome.

<h3 id="contraception">Contraception</h3>

Some types of contraception work by manipulating your hormones. When you first start or stop taking hormonal contraception, you might have irregular periods as your body gets used to it, but it’s nothing to worry about. However, the body slowly adapts to the doses of hormones provided and the bleeding becomes regular. Most often, such bleeding with the contraceptive pill is less heavy and less painful than menstruation. It is sometimes the case that more or less intense spotting while taking the contraceptive pill can occur after many months of use.

<h2 id="how_are_irregular_periods_diagnosed">How are irregular periods diagnosed? </h2>

It is always necessary to visit a gynaecologist when periods are too infrequent (less than every 35 days), too frequent (more than 21 days), too heavy (loss of more than 100 ml of blood), too scanty (loss of less than 35 ml). The doctor should find the cause of this and implement possible treatment. He or she should take a thorough history, information about the date of the first menstruation, the gynaecological-obstetric past, chronic diseases and much more. Ideally, a woman who notices any kind of menstrual disorder should keep an accurate diary including the date her bleeding starts and ends and the date of ovulation, if she experiences it.

In the general examination, the doctor assesses the possible presence of nutritional disorders, genital development, the presence of acne, excessive hair and many other factors. The ultrasound examination assesses the structure of the uterus, the thickness of the endometrium, the ovaries, the presence of follicles in the ovary, among others.

Additional tests include tests of hormone levels: oestrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone, androgens. If all laboratory results are normal in a woman with irregular menstruations, the doctor orders further tests, which are hormonal tests, genetic tests (including evaluation of the karyotype, i.e. evaluation of the woman's chromosomes and genes), hysteroscopy - an examination involving the insertion of a camera into the uterine cavity, or imaging tests of the head (magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography). 

An important component of diagnosis is the assessment of mental status and the presence of chronic diseases.

<h2 id="how_to_regulate_your_periods">How to regulate your periods</h2>

There’s no way to make your period stick to a schedule outside of certain types of contraceptives, which can take the reins from your hormones so you can plan or even skip your period. Otherwise, if your periods are still irregular after a few months and you’re not pregnant, make an appointment to see your doctor. While most irregular periods regulate themselves, a women’s health specialist like an OB-GYN can diagnose something more serious, such as PCOS. So how to regulate your periods? In addition to seeing your doctor, first and foremost take care of yourself. Rational nutrition, for example, will help regulating menstrual cycle. It is also a good idea to try active recreation to reduce the tension resulting from daily stresses. It is also worth thinking about vitamin support.

Whether you're swimming, skating or running, at "that time of the month" you need a period protection you can trust. That's why [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons have extremely absorbent core made of natural cotton, but also MotionFit technology that gently expands to fit your body's unique shape and the LeakGuard braid.

Why you might have irregular periods 

UK- ADP - How to tell your mum you’ve got your period

How to tell your mum you’ve got your period?

Menstrual cramps – causes and treatments 

# What is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)? Symptoms & Treatments

History of tampax tampons

Cotton Protection

Stress can lead to irregular periods and changes to your menstrual cycle. This can include delayed or missed periods.

Can Stress Cause a Missed or Late Period?

# Menstrual cramps – causes and treatments 

UK- ADP - Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - Symptoms & Treatments

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - Symptoms & Treatments

UK- ADP - Vaginal Odor What Should My Vagina Smell Like

Vaginal odor: what should my vagina smell like?

While periods may seem quite straightforward, they can actually be pretty complicated. There’s the timing, the symptoms and the cramps to factor into it, not to mention the sudden flood of hormones you experience. But once you know what’s behind the domino effect that leads to you getting your period, it can be easier to predict – and therefore easier to manage. Here, we answer the most common questions about your period and share some period tips. 

## What is a period? 

“Period” is a nickname for menstruation, which is the [phase of your menstrual cycle](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/) during which you bleed. (Menstrual comes from the Latin menses, which means month.) Menstruation means that the body is capable of becoming pregnant, and during each month-long menstrual cycle, your body basically sets itself up for pregnancy. 

Your hormones are the boss of your menstrual cycle, and they dictate all the different processes that happen in your body. The first day of your period kicks off every new cycle. That can last for up to a week. Then, the levels of a few different hormones (oestradiol, luteinising hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) rise throughout the course of week two, working to ‘wake up’ the ovaries. That’s the first half of your cycle in a nutshell. 

About halfway through the cycle (around the 14th day of an average 28-day cycle) the levels of these hormones drop, which causes the ovary to send an egg down to the uterus. That’s when a hormone called progesterone steps up; it thickens the lining of your uterus, prepping it to nourish a fertilised egg should you get pregnant. If the egg isn’t fertilised by a sperm within a week or so (meaning no pregnancy occurs) it breaks down. Your progesterone level also falls, leading the uterus to shed its thickened lining. That causes your period; the blood contains the remnants of that old, unused uterine lining. Then you’re back to square one. 

## When will I get my first period? 

It’s hard to predict when you’ll get your first period because everyone is different. In most cases, your period should come when you’re somewhere between the ages of nine and 13 (although it could arrive as late as 16). You can prep for this change by reading up on what to expect when you get your [first period](/en-gb/period-health/first-period/). (Attention parents, we’ve got you covered, too – have a look at our [guide to talking to your kids about puberty](/en-gb/period-health/talking-to-your-daughter-about-puberty/).) 

## What are the first period symptoms? 

Your body’s going to start prepping for your period way before it actually comes. Firstly, your breasts will start to grow, and you might notice hair growing under your arms and on your pubic area. You may also notice discharge before you get your first period; a clear or white fluid in your underwear. That’s usually a sign that you may get your period within the next year or so. 

A first period tip: if your period isn’t a real blood-red shade of red, that’s totally normal. The first time you get your period, it could be pink or brown in colour. It takes your body a few months to figure out this new development, so most things about your period – the timing, the colour, etc. – aren’t set in stone. 

## How long does a period last? 

Your period usually lasts between two and seven days, though it could even be a little longer. It’s usually heaviest on the first three days, and then lightens up towards the end. (Have a look at our full guide to all the [different phases of your menstrual cycle here](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/).) 

## How often will you get your period? 

In most cases, your period doesn’t show up exactly 28 days later. In fact, for the first few months, your period will be really unpredictable and irregular. Although the average cycle length is indeed 28 days (hence its ‘monthly’ timing), your cycle could actually last anywhere from 21 to 35 days. That’s a huge window, and again, it won’t stick to the same timeline every month. So, don’t panic if it seems shorter or longer than usual. Try using a period tracker like the [Tampax Period Tracker](/en-gb/period-tracker/), which can help you to figure out a pattern in your cycle and help you plan better for your period. 

## How to deal with period cramps 

[Period cramps](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cramps-causes-treatments/) are just like cramps anywhere else: a muscle contracts too hard or too fast, constricting the blood flow and causing pain. Except when your uterus is contracting, it can feel extra painful – which is why it’s not uncommon for cramps to put you out of action for a while. 

While this info won’t exactly make your cramps go away, there are some period tips in it for you: heating pads can definitely help, as can a warm bath and an over-the-counter painkiller. And even though you may not feel like it, exercise can work wonders. If you’re dealing with other unpleasant period side effects (like our old pal bloating), then have a look at this [guide](https://tampax.com/en-us/period-health/how-to-feel-better-on-your-period/) full of tips on how to feel better during your period. 

## Why your period is late 

Your period could be late for a whole host of reasons. Maybe your diet changed, you’re stressed to the nines, or you’ve been under the weather. If you miss it altogether, there’s always the possibility of pregnancy – but a missed period doesn’t automatically mean you’re pregnant. Things like [stress](/en-gb/period-health/stress-and-period/), nutrition, or an infection can also make your period late or MIA entirely. 

But if you’ve been getting your period for a while and it’s still [irregular every month](/en-gb/period-health/irregular-periods/) – and you’re definitely not pregnant – then you should see your doctor to rule out an underlying disorder or another medical concern. 

## How to stop your period 

Certain forms of hormonal contraceptives enable you to skip your period entirely. Beyond that, there’s no safe, proven way of stopping your period (outside of pregnancy and the menopause, at least). 

## How to induce your period  

If you want your period to come earlier – so, for example, you can go on holiday without packing a whole suitcase of tampons – you’re out of luck. Unless it’s for a legitimate medical reason, in which case a doctor can help, there’s no way to DIY a faster period. While you can certainly find a million and one ‘natural remedies’ that can supposedly speed things up, there’s no scientific evidence to back them up. You’re better off letting nature run its course. 

All your period questions, answered 

Learn what happens in the 28 days of your menstrual cycle. View a breakdown of the menstrual, follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

# Feminine hygiene tips you need to know 

UK- ADP -How to manage a heavy period (aka menstrual menorrhagia)?

How to manage a heavy period (aka menstrual menorrhagia)?

__So, what's a ‘normal’ cycle anyway?__

First of all, stop thinking about normal. Every girl is different. What’s important is that you find out what’s normal for you; a period [tracker](/en-gb/period-tracker-and-calendar/) will help you to do just that. All cycles are unique, but between pre-period, period and ovulation, there are a few things we all have in common: 

__Pre-period__

The dreaded [premenstrual syndrome](/en-gb/period-health/what-is-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/). Some common symptoms of PMS are headaches, bloating, irritability and crying more than usual. In other words, that urge to sit on the couch in joggers with a tub of ice cream and cry over ‘The Notebook’. We’ve all been there. 

It’s common to experience PMS in the three days leading up to your period. And just so you know: diet, caffeine and [stress](/en-gb/period-health/stress-and-period/) can increase the intensity of PMS symptoms. 

While these symptoms can be painful and uncomfortable, the good news is there are ways to help manage them: 

- Resist the urge to have an extra cup of coffee 
- Take an over-the-counter painkiller 
- Use a hot water bottle. 

__Period__

This is the start of your cycle and when bleeding begins. But why do we bleed in the first place? Since your egg wasn’t fertilised, your womb lining sheds and leaves your body. Thus, blood. 

Here are some facts about periods: 

- Healthy periods generally last between four and seven days, with the heaviest days being the first and second 
- An average cycle is 28 days, but can range from 21 to 35 days (to work yours out use a [period cycle tracker](/en-gb/period-tracker/)) 
- Bleeding usually amounts to somewhere between 10-80 grams, or 1 to 6 tablespoons of fluid (not that we’re measuring, but it’s good to know for keeping track of tampon changes). 

See your doctor if you find yourself bleeding through six or seven regular tampons a day, or if you’re on your period for more than seven days. 

__Peak ovulation__

This is the time when you’re ovulating and at the highest risk for pregnancy. This fertile time lasts about six days. In a 28-day cycle, ovulation typically occurs on day 14. 

__How to track your period__

To calculate your period, you'll need to count the days in between your last few periods. Start counting on the first day of your period and stop counting on the day before your next period. This is the number of days in one menstrual cycle. Do this for a few cycles, then add up the total number of days and divide them by the number of cycles. This will give you the average number of days in your cycle, and once you know this number, you'll be able to track your period easily. 

Have more [period questions](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/)? We have answers. 

Period Calendar Bottom Text

Let's face it, when it comes to [puberty](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/) and your [monthly period](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/), there are lots of things you can’t predict and don't have power over. For example, you don’t know when you will get your period for the first time or on which day of the week it will arrive. 

But here's some good news – there are actually a lot of things you can control. You can change how you feel during your period. You can stay energised and feel great all week long instead of feeling tired or worn out. Here are some period tips to help you deal with periods: 

__1. Do some light exercise__ 

Low-impact exercises like stretching, yoga, walking or [swimming](/en-gb/period-health/can-you-swim-on-your-period/) help increase blood flow, which cuts eases cramps. Sitting still can make you feel worse, so it’s important to exercise and get your body moving. Even dancing alone in your room is a great way to lift your spirits and keep you moving! 

__2. Hug a hot water bottle__

The warmth of a hot water bottle on your tummy is so soothing when cramps are making you miserable. It can soothe your muscles, easing your body’s discomfort and minimising cramps. 

__3. Drink water and stay hydrated__

It might seem odd that you need to drink more water when you're feeling the most bloated, puffy, and full, but the more water you drink, the more easily you will eliminate the water building up in your body. Drink 8-10 250ml glasses of fluid (like water, juice, or milk) throughout the day, making sure to carry a water bottle with you if you’re out and about. This will help you stay hydrated throughout your busy day. 

__4. Eat healthy, fresh foods__

Try eating more fresh fruit and green veg. You should work towards getting at least five portions of fruits and vegetables in per day. When you eat enough of the right foods, it can make all the difference and can also steer you away from the foods that can make your period symptoms worse (e.g., junk food, chocolate and salty foods). When the cravings hit, try snacking on carrots with hummus, apples with peanut butter, or blend up a smoothie. Another bonus is that fruit and veg contain lots of water, so you're filling up on the good stuff and staying hydrated at the same time. 

__5. Avoid caffeine__

Caffeine also makes you retain water and can give you that achy, crampy, bloated feeling, so it's best to cut it out when you’re on your period. Did you know that caffeine isn't just found in coffee and tea? It's also in fizzy drinks and chocolate. Good substitutes are ginger ale (ginger helps to settle your tummy), (iced) herbal tea, or just plain water. If you're craving chocolate, opt for a small piece of dark chocolate instead of a big chocolate bar. 

__6. Catch up on your sleep__

You need eight to nine hours of sleep per night, especially when you’re on your period. Getting enough sleep will help to you wake up feeling refreshed and rejuvenated. 

__7. Take notes__

Being prepared is your best defence when it comes to your period. A great period tip is to record your period each month on a [tracker](/en-gb/period-tracker/) to chart when it starts, how long it lasts, how heavy it is on each day and which side effects you experience before, during and after. After a few months, you're likely to see a pattern and you’ll find it easier to be prepared. 

__8. Use period protection that lets you stay active__

Finding the right pantyliners, pads and [tampons](/en-gb/tampon-truths/tampons-for-beginners/) that provide great protection while meeting your personal needs are an important part of feeling your best. Daily use of pantyliners keep you feeling fresh and prepared before your period, and pads offer great protection during your period – especially now that there are incredibly thin pads made to move with your body. If you’re very active, consider [tampons](/en-gb/tampon-truths/tampons-for-beginners/), which are worn internally. Choose the [lowest absorbency](/en-gb/our-tampons/compak-with-applicator/lites/) necessary for your flow and be sure to change it every 4-6 hours. Many women use a combination of products to suit their specific needs, so feel free to experiment to find out what works best for you. 

So, with these period tips, your monthly period doesn’t have to hold you back from doing the activities you love. You can continue being your fun, happy and energised self now that you know [how to deal with periods](/en-gb/period-health/period-questions/).

Whether you're swimming, skating or running, at "that time of the month" you need a period protection you can trust. That's why [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons have extremely absorbent core made of natural cotton, but also MotionFit technology that gently expands to fit your body's unique shape and the LeakGuard braid.

Compak

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Up to 100% Leak & Odor Free Protection that fits in your pocket.

# Compak

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Pearl 

Tampax’s N°1 combination of comfort and protection

# Pearl

Puberty is a natural part of human development. This is associated with numerous changes in the mental sphere and physical changes during puberty for females. Puberty causes the girl to transform into a woman who may become a mother in the future - body changes during puberty. 

__Table of content:__
<ul>
  <li><a href="#what-is-puberty">What is puberty?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#when-does-puberty-begin">When does puberty begin?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#physical-changes-during-puberty-in-girls">Physical changes during puberty in girls</a></li>
  <li><a href="#emotional-changes-during-puberty">Emotional changes during puberty</a></li>
  <li><a href="#and-whats-it-like-for-boys">And what’s it like for boys?</a></li>
</ul> 

<h2 id="what-is-puberty">What is puberty?</h2>

The process of puberty in girls is characterized by intense biological and emotional changes. At the very beginning, the silhouette of the body changes and the first menstruation appears. There are changes in appearance - for example, acne.

What happens during puberty for a girl? During puberty, oestrogens increase in girls, as well as a small amount of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. However, these hormonal changes that happen during puberty are less rapid than in boys. In girls, there is a faster emotional development than sexual development.

Before entering puberty, girls experience a pubertal leap, or sudden growth spurt. This occurs in girls between the ages of 8 and 13. It is characterised by the fact that the hips become rounder and the breasts start to grow and change shape. The most important of the symptoms of puberty in girls is the appearance of the first menstrual period, during which time pubic hair also appears.

<h2 id="when-does-puberty-begin">When does puberty begin?</h2>

Between the ages of 8 and 14 (there’s no exact age, as this varies from person to person), girls will notice that their bodies are changing and starting to grow. This stage in your life is called puberty and this is when you start to leave your childhood behind and physically become an adult.

It’s important to bear in mind that these changes don’t all happen at the same time, they don’t always happen in the same order, or by a certain age, as the whole process can be very different from one person to the next.

A ‘growth spurt’ is what we call a rapid increase in growth, especially in height, which is particularly noticeable during puberty. The fastest growth spurt in girls tends to coincide with their first period, and from then on growth slows down. However, physical changes (growth in the breasts, growth of body hair, body growth) go on for a few more years.

When your breasts start to develop, you’ll notice a firmness underneath the areola, or the outer part of the nipple (on one or both breasts). This can feel a bit uncomfortable and is called the ‘breast bud’. In the following months, at the same time as changes are happening to the nipple and the areola, this bud starts to grow in size, until it forms a mound that you can actually see, and this will continue to develop until it becomes an adult breast. This breast development usually takes between five and nine years.

<h2 id="physical-changes-during-puberty-in-girls">Physical changes during puberty in girls</h2>

[Puberty](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/) happens because of a series of hormonal changes that activate and increase the production of what we call ‘sex hormones’: oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys. These are responsible for the physical changes during puberty. You may hardly notice the first few months of puberty as the changes in your body are only slight until the production of oestrogen (or testosterone for boys) reaches a higher level. 

Generally speaking, the first physical changes during [puberty in girls](/en-gb/period-health/how-to-tell-your-mom-you-got-your-period/) are breast development and body growth. Other physical changes during puberty in girls outlined below.

### Growth of underarm hair

During puberty you will start to grow armpit hair. It will be up to the girl to decide whether she wants to remove it or leave it.

### Growth of pubic hair

At some point, pubic hair will also start to grow in the intimate areas. At first, they will be fine and straight, but later they will become thicker and curlier.

### Increase in the thickness and length of body hair

During puberty, the hair on the arms and legs also becomes longer and thicker.

### Acne

During puberty, changes to the skin - especially the face - are also noticeable. Pores will start to produce more sebum, which can cause pimples. It is then worth introducing appropriate care.

### Widening of the hips

During puberty, changes are also seen in the hip area. This is due to the fact that the width of the hips increases and there are changes in the structure of the pelvis.

### Increase in the fullness of the labia majora and minora, the hymen and the clitoris

During puberty, the intimate parts of the body also change. The outer labia enlarge and cover the inner labia. The skin around the vulva becomes darker and the hymen thinner. Changes also occur inside the vagina, which lengthens and reaches 10-15 cm in length. It becomes more elastic and its walls are thicker. During this time it is also [worth paying attention to proper hygiene](/en-gb/period-health/feminine-hygiene-tips/).

### Change in the sound of the voice

A change in the sound of the voice is part of puberty, triggered by a surge of hormones. However, voice mutation in girls is less noticeable than in boys. The voice becomes more 'adult' i.e. lower in particular.

### Increase in weight

The increase in body fat in girls, is a side effect of puberty. This is when rapid growth occurs and the activity of the female hormones manifests itself as an additional layer of fat tissue.

### Nipple changes during puberty

As your breasts develop during puberty, you may notice some changes to your nipples. Don’t worry – this is completely normal! Just like breasts, nipples come in all shapes and sizes: some girls have “outie” nipples that stick out when they’re cold, and others have “innie” nipples that stick inwards. Having inverted nipples is totally normal and nothing to worry about. You may also notice some dark hair beginning to grow around your areola – this is also nothing to worry about, and all part of the process of puberty.

### Your period 

At some point, hormonal changes during puberty will cause the ovaries to start releasing the eggs that they’ve been storing since you were born. This will trigger the monthly [menstrual cycle](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/), and your period is just one part of this. The fancy word for the arrival of your first period is ‘menarche’. This normally takes quite a while – there is generally a gap of two to three years, but at least one year, between the first signs of breast development and the arrival of your [first period](/en-gb/period-health/period-questions/). So, the average age for starting your period is between 10 and 16. 

Once puberty is in its advanced stages, you enter adolescence, which is a time of psychosocial and cultural changes, where we all start searching for our own identity and become adults psychologically (in our minds), as well as our bodies. As a rule, it can be said that we undergo physical changes during puberty and psychological changes during adolescence. 

As with any period of change, it’s normal to feel confused, uncomfortable, or generally a bit out of sorts during puberty and adolescence. But it can also be a very interesting time for experimenting – and for exploring and getting used to your body. 

Finally, to complete puberty, the biggest change is the arrival of your [first period](/en-gb/period-health/period-questions/).

<h2 id="emotional-changes-during-puberty">Emotional changes during puberty  </h2>

The body also goes through emotional changes during puberty. The way you think changes and you’ll notice you can express yourself better. You may also feel more self-conscious and unsure of yourself – but try not to worry. This is a time of physical and emotional change, so everyone else your age is feeling the same way. You will also feel more emotional in general, thanks to your hormones. Your fluctuating hormones are what cause mood swings during puberty, and you may notice that you feel like crying a lot more or are more easily upset. 

<h2 id="and-whats-it-like-for-boys">And what’s it like for boys? </h2>

Boys normally start to change one or two years later than girls. They also experience physical changes during puberty: 

- Body growth and growth in the size of their sex organs
- Their muscles become more developed
- They suffer from acne and facial and body hair starts to grow
- They start to ejaculate and so are able to fertilise eggs and make girls pregnant.

Leaks are no fun at all during your period, but even less so if you like to stay active and fit at "that time of the month". Thankfully, you can try wearing [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons, which provide safe and effective menstrual protection for women with light to medium flow. A practical applicator, the LeakGuard braid and MotionFit technology provide you protection that you can trust.

Physical changes during puberty 

By Dr Melisa Holmes, OB-GYN & Founder of Girlology 

There’s no question that talking about periods and body changes can be awkward and uncomfortable for everyone, but your daughter’s health (and her future health as a young woman) depends on us getting past our own discomfort to provide accurate information and support from a young age. 

Research confirms that girls’ confidence plummets during [puberty](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/), reaching its lowest point around the time of their first period. It’s also well established that public education on puberty and reproductive health is inconsistent across school systems and often limited to a one-off science lesson (or sometimes totally absent). 

The best way to ensure our children grow up confident and informed about their bodies and how they work is have more of these conversations at home. To help you support your daughters, let me share three tips that make awkward conversations a lot easier and more effective! 

## 1. Drop the drama around the puberty and periods “talk” 

Learning how to talk to your daughter about puberty and periods is a key strategy in creating less discomfort around awkward topics because it allows you to share information and normalise it, so it feels like less of a big deal. When you normalise talking about periods, it looks something like this: 

- You don’t avoid or shy away from conversations because doing so just makes girls think the topic is scary or off-limits.
- You keep your voice, facial expressions and body language calm. Mastering this skill is a key parenting tip, especially if you have [teenage daughters](/en-gb/period-health/how-to-tell-your-mom-you-got-your-period/). Practice it now.
- You use proper terms for body parts, because using silly or derogatory words for the vulva or vagina add to the idea that private parts are dirty or taboo, which only breeds more shame and embarrassment around the topic.

## 2. Normalise normal 

As girls begin puberty and navigate through adolescence, they need reassurance that they’re normal. They also feel less anxious when they know what normal changes to expect before they happen. Knowing that they’re normal is a huge part of helping their confidence grow, so when you normalise normal, it looks like this: 

- You remind them that periods are normal, a sign of health, and that half of the world’s population has periods.
- You normalise some of the initial awkward feelings they may have about periods, pubic hair, or other body changes, but reassure them that there’s no reason to be embarrassed or secretive about any of it.
- If you’re not sure about their [period problems or questions](/en-gb/period-health/period-questions/), normalise speaking to a doctor about menstrual health so they begin to feel comfortable asking their own questions when they need to.

## 3. No need to be a know-it-all 

One of the things I hear most from parents is that they want to have these conversations, but they worry that they don’t have all the facts, or that they might say the wrong thing entirely. This is the easy part – it’s actually better to stay curious and learn together, than to think you have all the answers already. When you’re not a know-it-all, it looks like this (hint: it’s good!): 

- Rather than deliver a prepared ‘lecture’ to your daughter, ask what she knows about the topic and offer to fill in what you know. You’ll learn a lot, and so will she!
- You’re not worried about having all the facts because you know you can go to trusted resources (like Tampax and Girlology) to get medically accurate and age-appropriate answers to share.
- You trust yourself to be your child’s best resource for talking about puberty, periods, and beyond. Research tells us that’s what they really want and benefit from most!

So now that you understand the basic philosophy of how to talk about awkward topics more effectively with girls of any age, let’s get into some of the specifics. 

## How early should I talk to my daughter about periods? 

Girls should definitely [understand periods well before they have one](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/) or hear about their peers having one, but there is no age that’s too young to start talking. For young children, a discussion of periods often happens when they see their mother or an older sibling using period products. That’s a perfect time to use your no-big-deal attitude and explain: 

- That having period is just a normal part of life
- It isn’t always painful (even though there’s blood)
- Pads and tampons are how we take care of it.

With early drama-free discussions that normalise periods, it becomes a lot easier to add the details they need as they approach or begin puberty. 

## When do girls get their first period? 

The normal age range for a first period is any time between the age of nine and 16, but the average age is around 12. Menarche (the first period) depends more on the body changes related to puberty than on the girl’s [age](/en-gb/period-health/first-period/). 

## Signs your daughter is about to start her period 

The most accurate predictor of her first period is an increase in her height. Most girls have their biggest and fastest growth spurt about six months before they get their first period, but other body changes can signal it’s close too. Her first period typically starts when her breasts have developed beyond breast buds and have a fuller appearance. Similarly, pubic hair will have grown beyond the sparse beginnings of puberty, to a fuller, more triangular shape. A lot of people worry that the first period is near when [vaginal discharge](/en-gb/period-health/vaginal-discharge/) begins, but discharge begins earlier in puberty. 

## How to start the period talk 

Ideally, girls should know [what changes to expect during puberty](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/) before those changes happen, including periods. If you’ve already noticed breast buds, it’s definitely time to start talking. Although there’s no right or wrong way to start, a lot of adults find it helpful to first ask what their daughter knows, and then take it from there. You don’t need to explain all of puberty and periods in one sitting – in fact, it’s better to have ongoing, shorter conversations to establish yourself as a willing and reliable go-to. You also don’t have to know all the scientific details – but be ready to talk about the experience of having a period. Most importantly, keep it positive and reassure her that a period is a sign of health and is necessary for creating life. When parents, especially mums, talk about periods as something important and healthy, their daughters tend to have fewer period-related complaints, and it helps reduce the stigma and feelings of embarrassment around periods. 

## Questions to guide the talk 

Starting conversations about puberty and periods with questions is always a great idea. When it comes to talking about topics that may feel awkward or personal, girls respond well to questions about their friends or classmates instead of focusing of their own changes. If talking about puberty, you might ask if your daughter has noticed any friends whose bodies are growing and changing, or if they’ve noticed any friends wearing a bra. As children enter secondary school, there are lots of questions to ask about their friends or their school environment: 

1) Do you know anyone who has started their period?

2) Have you seen [pads or tampons](/en-gb/tampon-truths/tampons-vs-pads/) in the sick bay or bathrooms? 

3) What would you do if a friend had a period stain on her PE shorts? 

Follow up with open ended questions (not yes-no questions) to guide you into deeper and more personal discussions. You can say things like: 

1) Tell me what you know about that 

2) How is that going for them? 

3) What are you curious about? 

There are no right or wrong questions but staying curious and calm will open a lot of doors for important conversations as your daughter grows up. 

## How to tell your daughter about changes to expect to her body/mood 

A lot of girls like to think about growing up, so telling them about how their body changes can be a fun way to talk about growing up. Familiarise yourself with the normal timeline of puberty changes, and do your best to let your daughter know what body changes to expect before they happen. It also helps to educate yourself and your daughter about brain changes that happen in puberty – one of which is experiencing greater emotions that change more quickly. Remind your daughter that emotions are a normal response to things she experiences, so it’s important to acknowledge feelings – big or small – and learn healthy ways to [manage those emotions](/en-gb/period-health/mood-swings-during-your-period/). 

## Do boys need to know about periods? 

Yes! All kids are curious, and they are especially curious about each other’s bodies. When boys learn about girls’ bodies and how they work, they become more supportive and empathetic friends, partners, brothers, and fathers. Boys do want to know about periods, but in many ways, they haven’t been allowed to join those conversations. Part of the shame and stigma around menstruation has been linked to the secrecy and girls-only mentality of past generations. When we remove the barriers to learning about each other’s bodies and how they work, everyone wins. 

## Quick advice for dads 

Dads are such important figures for their daughters, and talking about puberty and periods should be one more thing they’re great at. Most dads didn’t grow up with a lot of information about puberty and periods, but today, there are more and more dads stepping up to learn, ask questions, and become more comfortable and familiar with the topic of periods. For dads new to period talk, the easiest way to start is to acknowledge that you understand a little about periods and you know they’re normal, healthy, and nothing to be embarrassed about. Then you can ask your daughter to help you learn more and let her lead. She may need to get used to things herself at first, but with your continued support and positive attitude, she’ll become more comfortable talking about it over time – she might even ask you to pick up her next box of tampons! 

If you're an active woman, at "that time of the month" you need comfort and confidence that there won't be any leak during your exercises. [Tampax Pearl Compak Regular](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons are designed to provide you with full period protection no matter what physical activity you're up to: swimming, running, skating, ballet, gymnastics - you name it. 

UK- ADP - Physical changes during puberty for females

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UK- ADP - All Your Period Questions, Answered

All your period questions, answered

A normal menstrual cycle lasts an average of 28 days. Many factors contribute to the appearance of an early period. This may indicate a slight hormonal imbalance, but there may be other reasons for early period - for example, thyroid disease, stress or a change in diet.

__Table of content:__
<ul>
  <li><a href="#period-a-week-early">Period a week early. Is it normal?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#causes-of-an-early-period">Causes of an early period </a>
    <ol>
      <li><a href="#youve-changed-your-diet-or-exercise">You’ve changed your diet or exercise regime</a></li>
      <li><a href="#youre-stressed">You’re stressed</a></li>
      <li><a href="#your-routine-has-changed">Your routine has changed</a></li>
      <li><a href="#your-period-isnt-regular-yet">Your period isn’t regular yet</a></li>
      <li><a href="#its-actually-spotting">It’s actually spotting</a></li>
      <li><a href="#hormonal-contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li>
      <li><a href="#polycystic-ovary-syndrome">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</a></li>
      <li><a href="#thyroid-diseases">Thyroid diseases</a></li>
      <li><a href="#endometriosis">Endometriosis</a></li>
      <li><a href="#sexually-transmitted-diseases">Sexually transmitted diseases</a></li>
      </ol>
    </li>
  <li><a href="#what-does-an-early-period-mean">What does an early period mean?</a></li>
  <li><a href="#how-to-avoid-being-surprised-by-early">How to avoid being surprised by early period symptoms</a></li>
  <li><a href="#when-should-you-see-a-doctor-about">When should you see a doctor about an early period?</a></li>
</ul>

<h2 id="period-a-week-early">Period a week early. Is it normal?</h2>

Many women wonder and ask themselves - period a week early - is it normal? Why is my period early? Early menstruation, especially at a young age is a perfectly normal phenomenon. During the first months or even years, the period can be quite irregular. The cause early menstruation it may simply be a hormonal imbalance. However, if it happens repeatedly then you should seek the cause from your doctor. 

<h2 id="causes-of-an-early-period">Causes of an early period</h2>

So, you’ve been to the loo and noticed that tell-tale spot of blood on your underwear – don’t panic. There are many causes of [an early period](/en-gb/period-health/first-period/) – and they’re all pretty normal, so don’t worry. Menstrual disorders, especially in young women, are not a cause for concern. However, to be sure, it is better to visit a gynecologist. Menopause can also be reasons for early period. Check out the top ten causes of an early period below:

<h3 id="youve-changed-your-diet-or-exercise">1. You’ve changed your diet or exercise regime </h3>

Diet and exercise affect your [hormones](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/), and hormones control your menstrual cycle. If you’ve recently started a new diet or exercise regime, this may be the cause of  period coming early. Especially quite intense and hard workouts affect our menstrual cycle. Drastic weight gain or weight loss can also seriously change your hormone levels and throw your [menstrual cycle](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/) off balance. 

<h3 id="youre-stressed">2. You’re stressed</h3>

[Feeling stressed](/en-gb/period-health/stress-and-period/) comes with a whole lot of chemical changes in your body, and is a common cause for getting your period early. Even short-term stress, anxiety, can contribute to hormonal imbalances and can contribute to earlier periods. But be aware – [stress can also make your period late](/en-gb/period-health/stress-and-period/). It’s just a sign of your body reacting to what’s going on in your life.

<h3 id="your-routine-has-changed">3. Your routine has changed</h3>

Any major change in your regular schedule (travelling, holidays) can result in changes to how your [body regulates hormones](/en-gb/period-health/period-health/signs-and-stages-of-puberty-for-girls/). The same goes for sleep. If you’ve recently made drastic changes to your sleep schedule, this can also affect the hormones that control your menstrual cycle and cause your period to come earlier than expected. These fluctuations will balance themselves out as soon as your schedule settles down. However, it should be remembered that an irregular lifestyle, led for a long period of time, can have a very large impact on the body.

<h3 id="your-period-isnt-regular-yet">4. Your period isn’t regular yet</h3>

If you’ve recently started getting your period, you’re more likely to experience irregular cycles – which might mean you get your period before you were expecting it! That’s because the hormones that control your [menstrual cycle](/en-gb/period-health/menstrual-cycle-phases/) are a new thing for your body, and it hasn’t quite got the hang of them yet. It takes some girls up to a year to have a regular menstrual cycle. Until then, don’t worry if your period is a week early or late. The period should be adjusted by the age of 17. If this does not happen by then, go to the doctor for a consultation.

<h3 id="its-actually-spotting">5. It’s actually spotting</h3>

Other reasons for early period - you period is early is that it’s not actually your period. If your period comes early, and is really light, the blood you were surprised to see in your underwear may not be your period at all, but just spotting. Spotting is light pink or brown blood that shows up on the toilet paper when you wipe, or on your knickers. It’s enough to leave a small stain, but not enough to require a [tampon](/en-gb/tampon-truths/what-is-tampon/) or pad. Many women experience spotting during ovulation – the release of an egg from your ovaries – which happens right in the middle of your menstrual cycle, or about two weeks before your period is due. Others experience spotting just before their period comes.

<h3 id="hormonal-contraception">6. Hormonal contraception</h3>

Both oral medication in the form of pills and IUDs deliver synthetic hormones into a woman's body that inhibit ovulation. These methods of conception can cause hormonal changes in a woman's body - causing earlier menstruation, temporary inhibition of menstruation, prolongation of menstruation or the complete absence of menstrual cycles.

<h3 id="polycystic-ovary-syndrome">7. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</h3>

It is a disease that causes hormonal changes in the female body, resulting in a number of symptoms. These include irregular menstrual cycles. In addition to this, it can cause scanty bleeding or heavy bleeding, severe premenstrual syndrome, and ovulation disorders.

<h3 id="thyroid-diseases">8. Thyroid diseases</h3>

Hypothyroidism - Hashimoto's disease or other inflammations, and hyperthyroidism, for example Graves-Basedow's disease or thyroid nodules, cause a range of symptoms that can result in irregular menstrual cycles. Including, they can result in earlier menstruation.

<h3 id="endometriosis">9. Endometriosis</h3>

The growth of the tissue lining the uterus from within can cause heavy periods and bleeding between cycles. This is easily mistaken for an extra menstrual cycle or a previous period.

<h3 id="sexually-transmitted-diseases">10. Sexually transmitted diseases</h3>

Some sexually transmitted diseases can cause irritation of the cervix and uterus. This can lead to bleeding, which can easily be mistaken for menstruation. However, in addition to the earlier bleeding, for example, there may be other symptoms - for example, a burning sensation when urinating.

<h2 id="what-does-an-early-period-mean">What does an early period mean?</h2>

Getting your period early usually means your hormones are a slightly off-balance. Fluctuations in your hormones from month to month are common and are typically nothing to worry about, especially if you’ve only just started menstruating. Early period meaning too that it also means that you may have a condition of the reproductive system, or that you are following an unhealthy diet or have been affected by chronic stress. The most important thing is not to panic, and if something bothers us - consult a doctor.

<h2 id="how-to-avoid-being-surprised-by-early">How to avoid being surprised by early period symptoms </h2>

To avoid stained underwear from an unexpected period or spotting, a lot of girls wear pantyliners like [ALWAYS Dailies Fresh & Protect](https://www.always.co.uk/en-gb/feminine-products/panty-liners/always-dailies-fresh-and-protect/) a few days before they’re scheduled to get their period. This way, if your period is a little early, you’re still protected. Also watch your body – you might notice early period symptoms. If your breasts become tender, you will have [mood swings](/en-gb/period-health/mood-swings-during-your-period/), a feeling of water retention in your body. This is a sign that the early period symptoms.

Also, keeping [Tampax](/en-gb/our-tampons/) on hand means you’ll be prepared if your period sneaks up on you. [Tampax Pearl Compak](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/) are little and easy to stash in your bag. Plus, they use LeakGuard technology to keep you up to 100% leak free. So, next time your period is a week early, you can confidently go about your day without worrying about having an embarrassing period accident. We call that a win. 

<h2 id="when-should-you-see-a-doctor-about">When should you see a doctor about an early period?</h2>

One or two cycles that differ from the others should not cause concern. Chronic irregular menstruation, on the other hand, may be the cause of a more serious condition. Therefore, this should be diagnosed by a doctor - a gynaecologist. Certainly before seeing a doctor, ask yourself if you have had sexual intercourse that could result in conception. If so, take a pregnancy test.

If you're an active woman, at "that time of the month" you need comfort and confidence that there won't be any leak during your exercises. [Tampax Pearl Compak](/en-gb/our-tampons/pearl-compak-with-applicator/regular/) tampons are designed to provide you with full period protection no matter what physical activity you're up to: swimming, running, skating, ballet, gymnastics - you name it. 

Why is my period early? Common causes of an early period 

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